Marine Renewable Energy Creation
Creation of new low-carbon energy sources from natural marine resources. Includes: 1) Offshore renewable energy development whereby energy is produced from natural marine resources that are constantly renewed or replaced (e.g., offshore wind energy development, ocean thermal energy conversion); and 2) Marine low or zero-emissions technologies to control carbon emissions from marine industries (e.g. zero or near-zero GHG emission technologies and fuels for maritime industry).
These types of interventions pose a range of risks and challenges. Resources exist to help identify and address these.
Useful resources
Abhinav, K. et al. 2020. Offshore multi-purpose platforms for a Blue Growth: A technological, environmental and socio-economic review. Science of the Total Environment 734: 138256.
Dwyer, J. & Bidwell, D. 2019. Chains of trust: Energy justice, public engagement, and the first offshore wind farm in the United States. Energy Research & Social Science 47: 166-176.
Cronin, Y. et al. 2021. Public perception of offshore wind farms in Ireland. Marine Policy 134: 104814.
IRENA. 2018. Nurturing offshore wind markets: Good practices for international standardisation. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
Kirkegaard, J. K. et al. 2023. Tackling grand challenges in wind energy through a socio-technical perspective. Nature Energy 8(7): 655-664.
Rudolph, D. 2018. Community benefits from offshore renewables: The relationship between different understandings of impact, community, and benefit. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36: 92-117.
Schupp, M.F. et al. 2021. Fishing within offshore wind farms in the North Sea: Stakeholder perspectives for multi-use from Scotland and Germany. Journal of Environmental Management 279: 111762.
UN Global Compact. 2021. Roadmap to Integrate Offshore Renewable Energy into Climate-Smart Marine Spatial Planning.
Watson S.C. et al. 2024. The global impact of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services. Ocean & Coastal Management 249: 107023.