Manipulation of the oceanic and atmospheric climate. Includes: 1) Solar Radiation Management either through direct shading of marine habitats or cooling of surface waters, e.g. cloud brightening, surface films, ocean pumping to mix water layers to reduce sea surface temperature; and 2) Geoengineering for carbon sequestration via manipulation of biogeochemical processes to enhance or supplement existing carbon removal pathways, e.g. fertilisation, alkalinity enhancement, artifical upwelling.

These types of interventions pose a range of risks and challenges. Resources exist to help identify and address these.